This thesis provides a social and intellectual history of the field of sexology in late colonial and early post-colonial India. It establishes the emergence of sexology as a global field and interrogates the unique shape acquired by the field in India. The thesis argues that unlike its Western counterpart, Indian sexology was not centered around the question of sexual pathology. Instead, it emerged as a heterogenous field constituted by a range of actors across gender, class, professional, religious and caste divides. The disparate social nature of the field also ensured its methodological heterogeneity. Indian sexologists strategically and creatively appropriated Western ideas but melded them with their own perspectives and premodern sexual knowledge traditions to create a methodologically distinctive field that defied the boundaries of “scientia sexualis.” The thesis reveals that the history of sexology allows us to see how sexuality was transformed from being an exclusive domain of colonial intervention to one that enabled upper- and middle-class Indians to emerge as purveyors of biopolitical governance by the inter-war period. The thesis is organized around this shift as it highlights how Indian bodies that were criminalized and sexually pathologized by colonial laws since 1871 were being exposed to norms of every day sexual hygiene to formulate a healthy society and nation by the mid-20th-century. Going beyond the question of biopolitical hegemony the thesis also shows how Indian sexology also functioned as a subversive tool to question the mainstream sexual status quo as women and low caste activists established their own sexological voices. In order to capture the methodological, thematic and social diversity of the field I have consulted sexological, reproductive and eugenic literature published in Hindi, Bengali and English between the late 19th and mid-20th century. I have also supplemented these sources with archival data, colonial ethnological, administrative and travel literature, works of Indian socio-religious reformers, Christian missionaries, newspapers as well as journals.