The socioeconomic disadvantage experienced by disabled people is too often perceived as the natural, logical, or inevitable consequence of disability rather than resulting from policies and social structures that produce inequality. This dissertation aims to challenge this individualistic understanding of disability by examining how ableism and other systems of oppression are jointly embedded in institutions, policies, structures, and culture in ways that create and maintain disability-based inequalities in socioeconomic well-being, disproportionately harming multiply marginalized disabled communities. Using a variety of analytic techniques and drawing primarily on over a decade of data from the American Community Survey, this dissertation cuts across topics related to disability, inequality, and health policy, ultimately providing new insights into how structural ableism shapes disparities in Supplemental Poverty and unemployment between disabled and nondisabled people and at the intersection of disability and other axes of stratification. The first chapter provides rich, descriptive evidence of disparities in poverty and unemployment at the intersection of disability, gender, race-ethnicity, and age, highlighting intersectional injustices in which disabled Black, Indigenous, and Latine women across age groups experience heightened socioeconomic disadvantage. The second chapter documents the vast interstate variation in socioeconomic disparities between disabled and nondisabled people across U.S. states, suggesting that structural ableism operates through state contexts to shape geographic patterns in disability-based socioeconomic inequities. Linking the American Community Survey data with a variety of state-level policy and administrative data sources, the third chapter investigates whether and to what extent state-level policy contexts and specific policies related to Medicaid and Long-Term Services and Supports shape interstate variation in socioeconomic inequalities between disabled and nondisabled people. Taken together, the findings from the three chapters challenge the assumption that socioeconomic disadvantage among disabled people is natural or inevitable; rather, such disadvantage results from policies and structural contexts that create and maintain inequality. This work uncovers patterns of relational inequalities at national and state levels, providing essential context for the development of social and health policies and structural changes that promote disability and economic justice.