Yodh, Arjun G.
Email Address
ORCID
Disciplines
Search Results
Now showing 1 - 10 of 13
Publication Melting of Multilayer Colloidal Crystals Confined Between Two Walls(2011-01-25) Peng, Yi; Wang, Ziren; Alsayed, Ahmed M.; Yodh, Arjun G.; Han, YilongVideo microscopy is employed to study the melting behaviors of multilayer colloidal crystals composed of diameter-tunable microgel spheres confined between two walls.We systematically explore film thickness effects on the melting process and on the phase behaviors of single crystal and polycrystalline films. Thick films (>4 layers) are observed to melt heterogeneously, while thin films ( ≤ 4 layers) melt homogeneously, even for polycrystalline films. Grain-boundary melting dominates other types of melting processes in polycrystalline films thicker than 12 layers. The heterogeneous melting from dislocations is found to coexist with grain-boundary melting in films between 5- and 12-layers. In dislocation melting, liquid nucleates at dislocations and forms lakelike domains embedded in the larger crystalline matrix; the “lakes” are observed to diffuse, interact, merge with each other, and eventually merge with large strips of liquid melted from grain boundaries. Thin film melting is qualitatively different: thin films homogeneously melt by generating many small defects which need not nucleate at grain boundaries or dislocations. For three- and four-layer thin films, different layers are observed to have the same melting point, but surface layers melt faster than bulk layers. Within our resolution, two- to four-layer films appear to melt in one step, while monolayers melt in two steps with an intermediate hexatic phase.Publication Coffee Rings and Coffee Disks: Physics on the Edge(2013-08-01) Durian, Douglas J; Yunker, Peter J; Yodh, Arjun GAs many a coffee drinker knows, a drying drop of coffee typically leaves behind a ring-shaped stain of small grounds. Though the phenomenon is common, the mechanisms that drive it are rich with physics. As first elucidated by Robert Deegan and colleagues in 1997, the coffee ring results from radially outward fluid flows induced by so-called contact line pinning: The outer edge of a spilled coffee droplet grabs onto rough spots on the solid surface and becomes pinned in place. The evaporating drop thus retains its pinned diameter and flattens while it dries. That flattening, in turn, is accompanied by fluid flowing from the middle of the drop toward its edge to replenish evaporating water. Suspended particles—the coffee grounds—are carried to the edge of the drop by that flow. Once there, they pile up, one at a time, into a tightly jammed packing and produce the coffee ring. Deegan and company studied the ring growth empirically by following the individual frames in a video of plastic colloidal spheres suspended in an evaporating droplet.Publication Wetting and Contact Lines of Micrometer-Sized Ellipsoids(2006-07-07) Loudet, Jean-Christophe; Yodh, Arjun G.; Pouligny, BernardWe experimentally and theoretically investigate the shapes of contact lines on the surfaces of micrometer-sized polystyrene ellipsoids at the water-air interface. By combining interferometry and optical trapping, we directly observe quadrupolar symmetry of the interface deformations around such particles. We then develop numerical solutions of the partial wetting problem for ellipsoids, and use these solutions to deduce the shapes of the corresponding contact lines and the values of the contact angles, Θc(k), as a function of the ellipsoid aspect ratio k. Surprisingly, Θc is found to decrease for increasing k suggesting that ellipsoid microscopic surface properties depend on ellipsoid aspect ratio.Publication Standardized Platform for Coregistration of Noncurrent Diffuse Optical and Magnetic Resonance Breast Images Obtained in Different Geometries(2007-10-24) Azar, Fred S; Lee, Kijoon; Khamene, Ali; Choe, Regine; Corlu, Alper; Konecky, Soren D; Sauer, Frank; Yodh, Arjun G.We present a novel methodology for combining breast image data obtained at different times, in different geometries, and by different techniques. We combine data based on diffuse optical tomography (DOT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The software platform integrates advanced multimodal registration and segmentation algorithms, requires minimal user experience, and employs computationally efficient techniques. The resulting superposed 3-D tomographs facilitate tissue analyses based on structural and functional data derived from both modalities, and readily permit enhancement of DOT data reconstruction using MRI-derived a-priori structural information. We demonstrate the multimodal registration method using a simulated phantom, and we present initial patient studies that confirm that tumorous regions in a patient breast found by both imaging modalities exhibit significantly higher total hemoglobin concentration (THC) than surrounding normal tissues. The average THC in the tumorous regions is one to three standard deviations larger than the overall breast average THC for all patients.Publication Phonon Spectra, Nearest Neighbors, and Mechanical Stability of Disordered Colloidal Clusters with Attractive Interactions(2011-06-01) Yunker, Peter; Chen, Ke; Yodh, Arjun G.; Zhang, ZexinPublication Diffuse Optical Monitoring of Hemodynamic Changes in Piglet Brain With Closed Head Injury(2009-05-04) Eucker, Stephanie A; Durduran, Turgut; Yu, Guoqiang; Ralston, Jill; Friess, Stuart H; Ichord, Rebecca N; Margulies, Susan S; Zhou, Chao; Yodh, Arjun G.We used a nonimpact inertial rotational model of a closed head injury in neonatal piglets to simulate the conditions following traumatic brain injury in infants. Diffuse optical techniques, including diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS), were used to measure cerebral blood oxygenation and blood flow continuously and noninvasively before injury and up to 6 h after the injury. The DCS measurements of relative cerebral blood flow were validated against the fluorescent microsphere method. A strong linear correlation was observed between the two techniques (R=0.89, p < 0.00001). Injury-induced cerebral hemodynamic changes were quantified, and significant changes were found in oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin concentrations, total hemoglobin concentration, blood oxygen saturation, and cerebral blood flow after the injury. The diffuse optical measurements were robust and also correlated well with recordings of vital physiological parameters over the 6-h monitoring period, such as mean arterial blood pressure, arterial oxygen saturation, and heart rate. Finally, the diffuse optical techniques demonstrated sensitivity to dynamic physiological events, such as apnea, cardiac arrest, and hypertonic saline infusion. In total, the investigation corraborates potential of the optical methods for bedside monitoring of pediatric and adult human patients in the neurointensive care unit.Publication Validation of Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopic Measurement of Cerebral Blood Flow Using Phase-Encoded Velocity Mapping Magnetic Resonance Imaging(2012-04-17) Buckley, Erin M; Durduran, Turgut; Hance, Dalton; Diaz, Laura K; Pawlowski, Thomas; Putt, Mary E; Lynch, Jennifer; Licht, Daniel J; Wilson, Felice B; Fogel, Mark A; Mesquita, Rickson C; Yodh, Arjun G.Diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) is a novel optical technique that appears to be an excellent tool for assessing cerebral blood flow in a continuous and non-invasive manner at the bedside. We present new clinical validation of the DCS methodology by demonstrating strong agreement between DCS indices of relative cerebral blood flow and indices based on phase-encoded velocity mapping magnetic resonance imaging (VENC MRI) of relative blood flow in the jugular veins and superior vena cava. Data were acquired from 46 children with single ventricle cardiac lesions during a hypercapnia intervention. Significant increases in cerebral blood flow, measured both by DCS and by VENC MRI, as well as significant increases in oxyhemoglobin concentration, and total hemoglobin concentration, were observed during hypercapnia. Comparison of blood flow changes measured by VENC MRI in the jugular veins and by DCS revealed a strong linear relationship, R = 0.88, p < 0.001, slope = 0.91 ± 0.07. Similar correlations were observed between DCS and VENC MRI in the superior vena cava, R = 0.77, slope = 0.99 ± 0.12, p < 0.001. The relationship between VENC MRI in the aorta and DCS, a negative control, was weakly correlated, R = 0.46, slope = 1.77 ± 0.45, p < 0.001.Publication Effects of Particle Shape on Growth Dynamics at Edges of Evaporating Drops of Colloidal Suspensions(2013-01-18) Yunker, Peter J; Lohr, Matthew A; Still, Tim; Durian, Douglas J.; Borodin, Alexei; Yodh, Arjun G.We study the influence of particle shape on growth processes at the edges of evaporating drops. Aqueous suspensions of colloidal particles evaporate on glass slides, and convective flows during evaporation carry particles from drop center to drop edge, where they accumulate. The resulting particle deposits grow inhomogeneously from the edge in two dimensions, and the deposition front, or growth line, varies spatiotemporally. Measurements of the fluctuations of the deposition front during evaporation enable us to identify distinct growth processes that depend strongly on particle shape. Sphere deposition exhibits a classic Poisson-like growth process; deposition of slightly anisotropic particles, however, belongs to the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang universality class, and deposition of highly anisotropic ellipsoids appears to belong to a third universality class, characterized by Kardar-Parisi-Zhang fluctuations in the presence of quenched disorder.Publication Measurement of Correlations between Low-Frequency Vibrational Modes and Particle Rearrangements in Quasi-Two-Dimensional Colloidal Glasses(2011-08-31) Chen, Ke; Manning, M. L.; Yunker, Peter J.; Ellenbroek, Wouter G.; Liu, Andrea J; Zhang, Zexin; Yodh, Arjun G.We investigate correlations between low-frequency vibrational modes and rearrangements in two-dimensional colloidal glasses composed of thermosensitive microgel particles, which readily permit variation of the sample packing fraction. At each packing fraction, the particle displacement covariance matrix is measured and used to extract the vibrational spectrum of the "shadow" colloidal glass (i.e., the particle network with the same geometry and interactions as the sample colloid but absent damping). Rearrangements are induced by successive, small reductions in the packing fraction. The experimental results suggest that low-frequency quasilocalized phonon modes in colloidal glasses, i.e., modes that present low energy barriers for system rearrangements, are spatially correlated with rearrangements in this thermal system.Publication Relationship Between Neighbor Number and Vibrational Spectra in disordered colloidal clusters with attractive interactions(2013-01-11) Yunker, Peter J; Zhang, Zexin; Gratale, Matthew; Chen, Ke; Yodh, Arjun G.We study connections between vibrational spectra and average nearest neighbor number in disordered clusters of colloidal particles with attractive interactions. Measurements of displacement covariances between particles in each cluster permit calculation of the stiffness matrix, which contains effective spring constants linking pairs of particles. From the cluster stiffness matrix, we derive vibrational properties of corresponding “shadow” glassy clusters, with the same geometric configuration and interactions as the “source” cluster but without damping. Here, we investigate the stiffness matrix to elucidate the origin of the correlations between the median frequency of cluster vibrational modes and average number of nearest neighbors in the cluster. We find that the mean confining stiffness of particles in a cluster, i.e., the ensemble-averaged sum of nearest neighbor spring constants, correlates strongly with average nearest neighbor number, and even more strongly with median frequency. Further, we find that the average oscillation frequency of an individual particle is set by the total stiffness of its nearest neighbor bonds; this average frequency increases as the square root of the nearest neighbor bond stiffness, in a manner similar to the simple harmonic oscillator.