Gingiva-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Potential Application in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine - A Comprehensive Review
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gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells
immunomodulation
neural crest
regenerative therapy
Cell Communication
Cell Differentiation
Cells
Cultured
Gingiva
Humans
Immunomodulation
Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Regenerative Medicine
Tissue Engineering
5' nucleotidase
acetylsalicylic acid
beta1 integrin
CD146 antigen
cyclooxygenase 2
endoglin
Hermes antigen
interleukin 6
interleukin 7
microsomal aminopeptidase
prostaglandin E2
stage specific embryo antigen 4
Thy 1 membrane glycoprotein
trichostatin A
valproic acid
adipocyte
angiogenesis
aplastic anemia
arthritis
atherosclerosis
autoimmune disease
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bone defect
bone marrow
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cell communication
chondrocyte
colitis
colony forming unit
dendritic cell
dermatitis
endothelium cell
exosome
fibroblast
flow cytometry
histology
human
hyperlipidemia
hypersensitivity
hypoxia
lupus erythematosus nephritis
M1 macrophage
M2 macrophage
macrophage
mast cell
maxillofacial disorder
mesenchymal stem cell
mesenchymal stem cell transplantation
monocyte
muscle regeneration
natural killer cell
nephritis
nerve regeneration
neural crest
nonhuman
oral mucositis
osteoblast
osteocyte
osteoporosis
periimplantitis
periodontal disease
periodontitis
peripheral blood mononuclear cell
peripheral nerve injury
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skin allograft
skin disease
skin injury
spinal cord injury
submandibular gland
T lymphocyte
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tissue engineering
umbilical cord
cell culture
cell differentiation
gingiva
immunomodulation
metabolism
Dentistry
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Other Dentistry
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Abstract
A unique subpopulation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been isolated and characterized from human gingival tissues (GMSCs). Similar to MSCs derived from other sources of tissues, e.g. bone marrow, adipose or umbilical cord, GMSCs also possess multipotent differentiation capacities and potent immunomodulatory effects on both innate and adaptive immune cells through the secretion of various types of bioactive factors with immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory functions. Uniquely, GMSCs are highly proliferative and have the propensity to differentiate into neural cell lineages due to the neural crest-origin. These properties have endowed GMSCs with potent regenerative and therapeutic potentials in various preclinical models of human disorders, particularly, some inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, skin diseases, oral and maxillofacial disorders, and peripheral nerve injuries. All types of cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, that play critical roles in cell-cell communication through their cargos containing a variety of bioactive molecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Like EVs released by other sources of MSCs, GMSC-derived EVs have been shown to possess similar biological functions and therapeutic effects on several preclinical diseases models as GMSCs, thus representing a promising cell-free platform for regenerative therapy. Taken together, due to the easily accessibility and less morbidity of harvesting gingival tissues as well as the potent immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory functions, GMSCs represent a unique source of MSCs of a neural crest-origin for potential application in tissue engineering and regenerative therapy. © Copyright © 2021 Kim, Lee, Xu, Zhang and Le.