Two Classes of ‘anyone’: A Contrastive Analysis of amwu-to and nwukwu-to in Korean
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Abstract
This paper investigates two Korean expressions, amwu-to and nwukwu-to, which are seen to be roughly equivalent in meaning to the English word anyone (although nwukwu-to has several other senses). The first of these two was characterized in Sells 2001 as a Negative Sensitive Item (NSI), where it is distinct from a Negative Polarity Item (NPI) in that an NSI must occur within the scope of negation – that is, it cannot appear in questions or as the antecedent of a conditional, as NPIs can. NSIs themselves have a wider distribution than Negative Concord Items (NCIs) which require clause-mate negation. Some (such as Park et al. 2021) have analyzed both amwu-to and nwukwu-to as NSIs and others (such as Tieu & Kang 2014) have claimed that they both belong to the even more restricted class of NCIs. In this paper, we will show, contrary to prior claims, that only amwu-to has the narrow distribution required of an NSI or NCI. We will further show that nwukwu-to has a wider distribution – not being an NCI, an NSI, or even an NPI. In closely examining their distribution and interpretations, we will demonstrate that these two items are far more distinct from each other than has previously been assumed. Their contrastive properties, in addition to the aforementioned negation restrictions, include differences in (i) syntactic category, (ii) position within the clause, and (iii) dependency with regard to the postpositional particle -to. They will also be shown to differ in their interpretations in certain contexts. We claim that these differences are attributable to amwu (as an NSI/NCI) needing to be interpreted in the scope of NEG to check a Neg Feature, and thereby being characterized as an “absolute non-existential quantifier” (in contrast with Giannakidou’s 2011 “dependent existential quantifier”). For its part, nwukwu can be interpreted either inside or outside of the scope of NEG and is characterized as an “existentially quantified head noun”.