Poor sleep health has become a significant public health issue in the pediatric population. Previous literature suggested a wide array of physiological, psychological, social, and societal factors during pregnancy and childbirth contribute to poor sleep health in children. However, the evidence remains inconclusive, and it is unclear which risk factors play a more significant role in shaping children’s sleep health. Few studies have used machine learning methods to identify and rank risk factors for adolescent sleep health during pregnancy and childbirth periods. The potential moderating effects of social adversity on pregnancy and childbirth risk factors and adolescent sleep remain under-investigated. This dissertation aimed to explore the complex relationship between pregnancy and childbirth risk factors, social adversity, and child sleep health. Chapter 2 (Paper I) is a systematic review and meta-analysis that summarizes current research evidence and the overall effect sizes of pregnancy and childbirth risk factors on sleep health outcomes in children aged 0 - 18. Chapter 3 (Paper II) used machine learning methods to identify and rank the importance of a wide array of pregnancy and childbirth risk factors on adolescent sleep problems based on the China Jintan Child Cohort (CJCC). The prediction models consistently revealed that the most important risk factors for the parent-report and adolescent self-report sleep problems in CJCC adolescents include gestational age, birthweight, duration of delivery, Apgar score at birth, and maternal happiness during pregnancy. These prediction models had good-to-excellent performance when predicting adolescent sleep problems in the CJCC testing set but not good performance when externally predicting adolescent sleep problems in the US Healthy Brain and Behavior Study (HBBS). The duration of postnatal depressive emotions was the most important predictor for HBBS adolescents’ sleep problems. Chapter 4 (Paper III) found that maternal perinatal depressive symptoms were positively associated with sleep problems reported by parents and adolescents, respectively. Furthermore, social adversity exacerbated the effects of perinatal maternal depressive symptoms on parent-report overall sleep problems and adolescent-report longer sleep latency. Apgar score at birth was negatively associated with parent-report overall sleep problems, and gestational age was negatively associated with adolescent-report sleep problems. Findings from this dissertation provide a better understanding of the complex relationship between pregnant and obstetric factors, social adversity, and adolescent sleep health as well as provide a basis for future screening and intervention by health professionals. The findings also highlight the importance of improving prenatal care utilization in China. Future research is warranted to validate these findings in other countries/regions.