Employer 401(k) Matches for Student Debt Repayment: Killing Two Birds with One Stone?

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The Wharton School::Wharton Pension Research Council::Wharton Pension Research Council Working Papers
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Economics
Subject
lifecycle saving
401(k) retirement plan
student loans
household finance
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2024
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Author
Horneff, Vanya
Maurer, Raimond
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Abstract

Almost 50 million Americans are burdened by the need to repay close to $2 trillion in student loan debt obligations, while at the same time saving in their employer-provided pension accounts. This article shows how workers can maximize their lifetime wellbeing by timing loan repayment and saving in tax-qualified retirement plans when these choices are shaped by employer-sponsored matching retirement contributions for qualifying student loan payments, as intended by the 2022 SECURE 2.0 Act. Our rich life cycle model predicts that, by age 50, employees will repay more debt but reduce own retirement plan contributions by almost half, offset by higher employer-matching contributions that take loan repayments into account. Accordingly, pre-retirement financial assets in and outside DC plans barely change; moreover, workers’ optimal consumption rises by up to 3% prior to retirement, so that the reform will not lead to earlier loan discharges. Overall, 401(k) plan benefit payouts during retirement are not anticipated to change materially. Finally, our model predicts that anticipated additional employer costs due to the new matches will amount to around 2.4 – 4.3% of annual earnings for workers age 40 – 50, and expected federal income taxes paid over the lifetime would increase by about 1.8 – 2.5% (in present value).

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Wharton Pension Research Council Working Papers: WP2024-05
Publication date
2024-05-04
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The authors gratefully acknowledge research support from the TIAA Institute, the German Investment and Asset Management Association (BVI), and the Pension Research Council/Boettner Center at The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. The authors are grateful for comments from Richard Shea and computational support from Yong Yu. Opinions and conclusions are the authors’ own. All findings, interpretations, and conclusions of this paper represent the views of the authors and not those of the Wharton School or the Pension Research Council. © 2024 Pension Research Council of the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. All rights reserved.
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