Chen, Wei-Hsi
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Publication A Tendon-Driven Origami Hopper Triggered by Proprioceptive Contact Detection(2020-04-06) Chen, Wei-Hsi; Misra, Shivangi; Caporale, J. Diego; Yang, Shu; Sung, Cynthia R.; Koditschek, Daniel EWe report on experiments with a laptop-sized (0.23m, 2.53kg), paper origami robot that exhibits highly dynamic and stable two degree-of-freedom (circular boom) hopping at speeds in excess of 1.5 bl/s (body-lengths per second) at a specific resistance O(1) while achieving aerial phase apex states 25% above the stance height over thousands of cycles. Three conventional brushless DC motors load energy into the folded paper springs through pulley-borne cables whose sudden loss of tension upon touchdown triggers the release of spring potential that accelerates the body back through liftoff to flight with a 20W powerstroke, whereupon the toe angle is adjusted to regulate fore-aft speed. We also demonstrate in the vertical hopping mode the transparency of this actuation scheme by using proprioceptive contact detection with only motor encoder sensing. The combination of actuation and sensing shows potential to lower system complexity for tendon-driven robots. For more information: Kod*lab (link to kodlab.seas.upenn.edu)Publication Kinegami: Algorithmic Design of Compliant Kinematic Chains From Tubular Origami(2022-10-12) Chen, Wei-Hsi; Yang, Woohyeok; Peach, Lucien; Koditschek, Daniel E; Sung, Cynthia ROrigami processes can generate both rigid and compliant structures from the same homogeneous sheet material. In this article, we advance the origami robotics literature by showing that it is possible to construct an arbitrary rigid kinematic chain with prescribed joint compliance from a single tubular sheet. Our “Kinegami” algorithm converts a Denavit–Hartenberg specification into a single-sheet crease pattern for an equivalent serial robot mechanism by composing origami modules from a catalogue. The algorithm arises from the key observation that tubular origami linkage design reduces to a Dubins path planning problem. The automatically generated structural connections and movable joints that realize the specified design can also be endowed with independent user-specified compliance. We apply the Kinegami algorithm to a number of common robot mechanisms and hand-fold their algorithmically generated single-sheet crease patterns into functioning kinematic chains. We believe this is the first completely automated end-to-end system for converting an abstract manipulator specification into a physically realizable origami design that requires no additional human input.Publication A Programmably Compliant Origami Mechanism for Dynamically Dexterous Robots(2020-01-09) Chen, Wei-Hsi; Mishra, Shivangi; Gao, Yuchong; Lee, Young-Joo; Yang, Shu; Sung, Cynthia R.; Koditschek, Daniel EWe present an approach to overcoming challenges in dynamical dexterity for robots through programmably compliant origami mechanisms. Our work leverages a one-parameter family of flat sheet crease patterns that folds into origami bellows, whose axial compliance can be tuned to select desired stiffness. Concentrically arranged cylinder pairs reliably manifest additive stiffness, extending the programmable range by nearly an order of magnitude and achieving bulk axial stiffness spanning 200–1500 N/m using 8 mil thick polyester-coated paper. Accordingly, we design origami energy-storing springs with a stiffness of 1035 N/m each and incorporate them into a three degree-of-freedom (DOF) tendon-driven spatial pointing mechanism that exhibits trajectory tracking accuracy less than 15% rms error within a (2 cm)^3 volume. The origami springs can sustain high power throughput, enabling the robot to achieve asymptotically stable juggling for both highly elastic (1 kg resilient shotput ball) and highly damped (“medicine ball”) collisions in the vertical direction with apex heights approaching 10 cm. The results demonstrate that “soft” robotic mechanisms are able to perform a controlled, dynamically actuated task.Publication Actuator Transparency and the Energetic Cost of Proprioception(2018-11-01) Kenneally, Gavin; Chen, Wei-Hsi; Koditschek, DanielIn the field of haptics, conditions for mechanical “transparency”[1] entail such qualities as “solid virtual objects must feel stiff” and “free space must feel free”[2], suggesting that a suitable actuator is able both to do work and readily have work done on it. In this context, seeking actuator transparency has come to mean a preference for minimal dynamics [3] or no impedance [4]. While such general notions seem satisfactory for a haptic interface, actuators with good mechanical transparency are now being used in high-performance robots [5, 6] where once again they must be able to do work, but are now also expected to perceive their environment by processing signals related to contact forces in the leg or manipulator when an explicit force sensor is not present. As robotics researchers develop models [7] suitable for programming behaviors that require systematic making and breaking of contact within the environments on which they perform work, actuators must be capable of: (a) generating the high forces at speed needed to accelerate the body during locomotion [5]; (b) robustness to high forces and impacts during locomotion [8]; (c) perceiving high force events quickly, such as touchdown in stance [9]; (d) perceiving contact quickly without exerting significant force on the object, such as in gentle manipulation [10]; and (e) reacting quickly during time-sensitive behaviors [11]. This work aims to describe a quantitative assay of transparency that might, for example, predict the advantage in proprioceptive tasks of an electromagnetic directdrive (DD) motor (i.e., one without gearbox), relative to actuation schemes consisting of both a motor and a geared reduction. Specifically, we explore the prospects for characterizing transparency as revealed by comparing the energetic cost of “feeling” the environment. Our sample proprioceptive task is instantiated by a simple torque estimator in Sec. 2. This scheme is then instrumented in simple contact detection experiments paired with a model to empirically explore the relationships between collision energy and detection time delay in Sec. 3. The actuators are then tested with a feel-cage task to illustrate the advantage of good transparency in Sec. 4. “For more information: Kod*lab (link to kodlab.seas.upenn.edu)Publication Supplementary Materials: Algorithmic Design of Kinematic Trees Based on CSC Dubins Planning for Link Shapes(2024-10-08) Feshbach, Daniel Adam; Chen, Wei-Hsi; Xu, Ling; Schaumburg, Emil; Huang, Isabella; Sung, CynthiaSupplementary materials for the paper "Algorithmic Design of Kinematic Trees Based on CSC Dubins Planning for Link Shapes", presented at The 16th International Workshop on the Algorithmic Foundations of Robotics (WAFR), 2024. Paper abstract: Computational tools for robot design require algorithms moving between several layers of abstraction including task, morphology, kinematics, mechanism shapes, and actuation. In this paper we give a linear-time algorithm mapping from kinematics to mechanism shape for tree-structured linkages. Specifically, we take as input a tree whose nodes are axes of motion (lines which joints rotate about or translate along) along with types and sizes for joints on these axes, and a radius r for a tubular bound on the link shapes. Our algorithm outputs the geometry for a kinematic tree instantiating these specifications such that the neutral configuration has no self-intersection. The algorithm approach is based on understanding the mechanism design problem as a planning problem for link shapes, and arranging the joints along their axes of motion to be appropriately spaced and oriented such that feasible, non-intersecting paths exist linking them. Since link bending is restricted by its tubular radius, this is a Dubins planning problem, and to prove the correctness of our algorithm we also prove a theorem about Dubins paths: if two point-direction pairs are separated by a plane at least 2r from each, and the directions each have non-negative dot product with the plane normal, then they are connected by a radius-r CSC Dubins path with turn angles <= pi. We implement our design algorithm in code and provide a 3D printed example of a tubular kinematic tree. The results provide an existence proof of tubular-shaped kinematic trees implementing given axes of motion, and could be used as a starting point for further optimization in an automated or algorithm-assisted robot design system.