Technical Reports (CIS)
Document Type
Technical Report
Date of this Version
March 1999
Abstract
"Linguistic annotation" covers any descriptive or analytic notations applied to raw language data. The basic data may be in the form of time functions – audio, video and/or physiological recordings – or it may be textual. The added notations may include transcriptions of all sorts (from phonetic features to discourse structures), part-of-speech and sense tagging, syntactic analysis, "named entity" identification, co-reference annotation, and so on. While there are several ongoing efforts to provide formats and tools for such annotations and to publish annotated linguistic databases, the lack of widely accepted standards is becoming a critical problem. Proposed standards, to the extent they exist, have focussed on file formats. This paper focuses instead on the logical structure of linguistic annotations. We survey a wide variety of existing annotation formats and demonstrate a common conceptual core, the annotation graph. This provides a formal framework for constructing, maintaining and searching linguistic annotations, while remaining consistent with many alternative data structures and file formats.
Recommended Citation
Steven Bird and Mark Liberman, "A Formal Framework for Linguistic Annotation", . March 1999.
Date Posted: 03 November 2006
Comments
University of Pennsylvania Department of Computer and Information Science Technical Report No. MS-CIS-99-01.