The statistical properties of dark matter halos, the building blocks of cosmological observables associated with structure in the Universe, offer many opportunities to test models for cosmic acceleration, especially those that seek to modify gravitational forces. We study the abundance, bias, and profiles of halos in cosmological simulations for one such model: the modified action ƒ(R) theory. The effects of ƒ(R) modified gravity can be separated into a large- and small-field limit. In the large-field limit, which is accessible to current observations, enhanced gravitational forces raise the abundance of rare massive halos and decrease their bias but leave their (lensing) mass profiles largely unchanged. This regime is well described by scaling relations based on a modification of spherical collapse calculations. In the small-field limit, the enhancement of the gravitational force is suppressed inside halos and the effects on halo properties are substantially reduced for the most massive halos. Nonetheless, the scaling relations still retain limited applicability for the purpose of establishing conservative upper limits on the modification to gravity.