A recent study documented a large increase in prescriptions of stimulants and antidepressants among preschoolers, and has prompted public and professional concern about the effects of mood-altering drugs on young children. In response, the White House announced a broad initiative on children’s mental health, including more government money for research, new labels on drugs for pediatric use, educational materials for parents, and a fall White House conference. To place these events in their larger context, this Issue Brief summarizes the findings of the Children’s Mental Health Alliance Project, which conducted a multidisciplinary consensus conference in November 1998 followed by a year-long dialogue with clinicians, researchers, and families.