AbstractWhat does it mean to do literary criticism in the era of environmental breakdown? As we are witnessing the mass extinction of species, my work turns to other-than-human lifeforms that have been rendered by three particular writers of twentieth-century South America in an attempt to chart the way these artists conjured fauna, flora, and natural phenomena in their texts in ways that exceeded the perceived notion of other lifeforms as not-human by hegemonic Western perspectives. Colombian naturalist Joaquín Antonio Uribe Villegas (1858-1935), Brazilian writer and diplomat João Guimarães Rosa (1908-1967), and Peruvian writer and anthropologist José María Arguedas (1911-1969) were all educated in Western science. However, they rendered the lifeforms of their regions as other-than-human persons, subverting the strict parameters of qualitative and quantitative inquiry of Western science, creating texts that preceded the study of ecology but presented ecological thought. I deploy Ecofeminist, Ecocritical, and Posthumanist theory hand-in-hand with Andean and Amazonian Indigenous knowledge to reveal the porous affections of these writers to the lives of other-than-human lifeforms by what I term Biodiverse Identification. This meta-representational operation allows us to inhabit the literary biomes created by the authors by rendering lifeforms in ways that exceed both the nature/culture divide and that of the human/other-than-human one. Analyzing how poetic prose elicits interspecies affects, I argue that these authors' texts allow us to mind the lives of animals, plants, and other natural phenomena as integrated into a web of life, generating a cosmoecological perspective, where reality is understood through ecological processes and relationships, a perspective that we urgently need to practice in all aspects of critical scholarship. I believe that by doing so, we can recalibrate how the literature of Latin America has been read and find within it the aspects of Western frames of reference that can become open to alternative ways of relating to nature.