In recent years, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been widely applied in the treatment of various clinical diseases because of multiple advantages and significant therapeutic effects. Despite the long research time and complicated approval procedures, MSC therapy has been gradually progressing and gaining popularity worldwide, including in China. In this article, the research status and therapeutic effects of MSC therapy at the registration stage are reviewed, and the research progress and challenges in using MSCs, especially odontogenic MSCs, in the treatment of oral diseases, are summarized.