For the second straight year, large cities in the U.S. are experiencing an alarming increased in homicides, mostly committed with firearms. Philadelphia reported 406 homicides in 2006, giving it the highest rate of homicides among the ten largest cities (27.8 per 100,000 people). This trend has renewed interest in policies to limit the availability of firearms. However, the effectiveness of such policies at reducing injury remains controversial, often creating political deadlock. To inform this debate, we look at evidence from Brazil, a country with even greater levels of violence than the U.S. This Issue Brief analyzes recent gun legislation and other violence reduction policies in Brazil and their effects on firearm violence.