Departmental Papers (Dental)
Document Type
Review
Date of this Version
12-1-2021
Publication Source
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Volume
22
Issue
23
Start Page
Article number 13037
DOI
10.3390/ijms222313037
Abstract
Skeletal class II and III malocclusions are craniofacial disorders that negatively impact people’s quality of life worldwide. Unfortunately, the growth patterns of skeletal malocclusions and their clinical correction prognoses are difficult to predict largely due to lack of knowledge of their precise etiology. Inspired by the strong inheritance pattern of a specific type of skeletal malocclusion, previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were reanalyzed, resulting in the identification of 19 skeletal class II malocclusion-associated and 53 skeletal class III malocclusion-associated genes. Functional enrichment of these genes created a signal pathway atlas in which most of the genes were associated with bone and cartilage growth and development, as expected, while some were characterized by functions related to skeletal muscle maturation and construction. Interestingly, several genes and enriched pathways are involved in both skeletal class II and III malocclusions, indicating the key regulatory effects of these genes and pathways in craniofacial development. There is no doubt that further investigation is necessary to validate these recognized genes’ and pathways’ specific function(s) related to maxillary and mandibular development. In summary, this systematic review provides initial insight on developing novel gene-based treatment strategies for skeletal malocclusions and paves the path for precision medicine where dental care providers can make an accurate prediction of the craniofacial growth of an individual patient based on his/her genetic profile. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Keywords
Bone, Functional matrix theory, GWAS, Malocclusion, Mandibular prognathism, Mandibular retrognathism, Skeletal class II, Skeletal class III, SNP, Genome-Wide Association Study, Humans, Malocclusion, Mandible, Muscle, Skeletal, NFATC Transcription Factors, Phospholipase C gamma, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2, Signal Transduction, fibroblast growth factor receptor 2, phospholipase C gamma, transcription factor NFAT, bone development, bone growth, cartilage, craniofacial development, functional enrichment analysis, gene identification, genetic profile, genome-wide association study, human, malocclusion, personalized medicine, Review, signaling pathway analysis, skeletal sagittal malocclusion, skeleton malformation, systematic review, treatment planning, genetics, genome-wide association study, growth, development and aging, malocclusion, mandible, metabolism, pathology, signal transduction, single nucleotide polymorphism, skeletal muscle
Recommended Citation
Gershater, E., Li, C., Ha, P., Chung, C., Tanna, N., Zou, M., & Zheng, Z. (2021). Genes and Pathways Associated with Skeletal Sagittal Malocclusions: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22 (23), Article number 13037-. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222313037
Included in
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Commons, Oral Biology and Oral Pathology Commons, Orthodontics and Orthodontology Commons, Other Dentistry Commons, Periodontics and Periodontology Commons
Date Posted: 10 February 2023