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Publication Generation, Estimation and Tracking of Faces(1998) DeCarlo, Douglas MThis thesis describes techniques for the construction of face models for both computer graphics and computer vision applications. It also details model-based computer vision methods for extracting and combining data with the model. Our face models respect the measurements of populations described by face anthropometry studies. In computer graphics, the anthropometric measurements permit the automatic generation of varied geometric models of human faces. This is accomplished by producing a random set of face measurements generated according to anthropometric statistics. A face fitting these measurements is realized using variational modeling. In computer vision, anthropometric data biases face shape estimation towards more plausible individuals. Having such a detailed model encourages the use of model-based techniques—we use a physics-based deformable model framework. We derive and solve a dynamic system which accounts for edges in the image and incorporates optical flow as a motion constraint on the model. Our solution ensures this constraint remains satisfied when edge information is used, which helps prevent tracking drift. This method is extended using the residuals from the optical flow solution. The extracted structure of the model can be improved by determining small changes in the model that reduce this error residual. We present experiments in extracting the shape and motion of a face from image sequences which exhibit the generality of our technique, as well as provide validation.Publication Building Parameterized Action Representations From Observation(2000-01-01) Bindiganavale, RamamaniVirtual worlds may be inhabited by intelligent agents who interact by performing various simple and complex actions. If the agents are human-like (embodied), their actions may be generated from motion capture or procedural animation. In this thesis, we introduce the CaPAR interactive system which combines both these approaches to generate agent-size neutral representations of actions within a framework called Parameterized Action Representation (PAR). Just as a person may learn a new complex physical task by observing another person doing it, our system observes a single trial of a human performing some complex task that involves interaction with self or other objects in the environment and automatically generates semantically rich information about the action. This information can be used to generate similar constrained motions for agents of different sizes. Human movement is captured by electromagnetic sensors. By computing motion zerocrossings and geometric spatial proximities, we isolate significant events, abstract both spatial and visual constraints from an agent's action, and segment a given complex action into several simpler subactions. We analyze each independently and build individual PARs for them. Several PARs can be combined into one complex PAR representing the original activity. Within each motion segment, semantic and style information is extracted. The style information is used to generate the same constrained motion in other differently sized virtual agents by copying the end-effector velocity profile, by following a similar end-effector trajectory, or by scaling and mapping force interactions between the agent and an object. The semantic information is stored in a PAR. The extracted style and constraint information is stored in the corresponding agent and object models.Publication Parsing With Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar(1990-02-01) Schabes, Yves; Joshi, Aravind KMost current linguistic theories give lexical accounts of several phenomena that used to be considered purely syntactic. The information put in the lexicon is thereby increased in both amount and complexity: see, for example, lexical rules in LFG (Kaplan and Bresnan, 1983), GPSG (Gazdar, Klein, Pullum and Sag, 1985), HPSG (Pollard and Sag, 1987), Combinatory Categorial Grammars (Steedman, 1987), Karttunen's version of Categorial Grammar (Karttunen 1986, 1988), some versions of GB theory (Chomsky 1981), and Lexicon-Grammars (Gross 1984). We would like to take into account this fact while defining a formalism. We therefore explore the view that syntactical rules are not separated from lexical items. We say that a grammar is lexicalized (Schabes, AbeilK and Joshi, 1988) if it consists of: (1) a finite set of structures each associated with lexical items; each lexical item will be called the anchor of the corresponding structure; the structures define the domain of locality over which constraints are specified; (2) an operation or operations for composing the structures. The notion of anchor is closely related to the word associated with a functor-argument category in Categorial Grammars. Categorial Grammar (as used for example by Steedman, 1987) are 'lexicalized' according to our definition since each basic category has a lexical item associated with it.Publication Realizability, Covers, and Sheaves I. Application to the Simply-Typed Lambda-Calculus(1993-08-12) Gallier, Jean HWe present a general method for proving properties of typed λ-terms. This method is obtained by introducing a semantic notion of realizability which uses the notion of a cover algebra (as in abstract sheaf theory, a cover algebra being a Grothendieck topology in the case of a preorder). For this, we introduce a new class of semantic structures equipped with preorders, called pre-applicative structures. These structures need not be extensional. In this framework, a general realizability theorem can be shown. Kleene's recursive realizability and a variant of Kreisel's modified realizability both fit into this framework. Applying this theorem to the special case of the term model, yields a general theorem for proving properties of typed λ-terms, in particular, strong normalization and confluence. This approach clarifies the reducibility method by showing that the closure conditions on candidates of reducibility can be viewed as sheaf conditions. Part I of this paper applies the above approach to the simply-typed λ-calculus (with types →, ×, +, and ⊥). Part II of this paper deals with the second-order (polymorphic) λ-calculus (with types → and ∀).Publication Update Exchange With Mappings and Provenance(2007-11-27) Green, Todd J; Karvounarakis, Grigoris; Ives, Zachary G; Tannen, ValWe consider systems for data sharing among heterogeneous peers related by a network of schema mappings. Each peer has a locally controlled and edited database instance, but wants to ask queries over related data from other peers as well. To achieve this, every peer’s updates propagate along the mappings to the other peers. However, this update exchange is filtered by trust conditions — expressing what data and sources a peer judges to be authoritative — which may cause a peer to reject another’s updates. In order to support such filtering, updates carry provenance information. These systems target scientific data sharing applications, and their general principles and architecture have been described in [21]. In this paper we present methods for realizing such systems. Specifically, we extend techniques from data integration, data exchange, and incremental view maintenance to propagate updates along mappings; we integrate a novel model for tracking data provenance, such that curators may filter updates based on trust conditions over this provenance; we discuss strategies for implementing our techniques in conjunction with an RDBMS; and we experimentally demonstrate the viability of our techniques in the Orchestra prototype system. This technical report supersedes the version which appeared in VLDB 2007 [17] and corrects certain technical claims regarding the semantics of our system (see errata in Sections [3.1] and [4.1.1]).Publication Towards Assurance Cases for Resilient Control Systems(2014-08-01) Weimer, James; Sokolsky, Oleg; Bezzo, Nicola; Lee, InsupThe paper studies the problem of constructing assurance cases for embedded control systems developed using a model-based approach. Assurance cases aim to provide a convincing argument that the system delivers certain guarantees, based on the evidence obtained during the design and evaluation of the system. We suggest an argument strategy centered around properties of models used in the development and properties of tools that manipulate these models. The paper presents the case study of a resilient speed estimator for an autonomous ground vehicle and takes the reader through a detailed assurance case arguing that the estimator computes speed estimates with bounded error.Publication The Soundness and Completeness of ACSR (Algebra of Communicating Shared Resources)(1993-11-01) Brémond-Grégoire, Patrice; Choi, Jin-Young; Lee, InsupRecently, significant progress has been made in the development of timed process algebras for the specification and analysis of real-time systems; one of which is a timed process algebra called ACSR. ACSR supports synchronous timed actions and asynchronous instantaneous events. Timed actions are used to represent the usage of resources and to model the passage of time. Events are used to capture synchronization between processes. To be able to specify real systems accurately, ACSR supports a notion of priority that can be used to arbitrate among timed actions competing for the use of resources and among events that are ready for synchronization. Equivalence between ACSR terms is defined in terms of strong bisimulation. The paper contains a set of algebraic laws that are proven sound and complete for finite ACSR agents.Publication Viral Marketing and the Diffusion of Trends on Social Networks(2008-05-15) Wortman, JenniferWe survey the recent literature on theoretical models of diffusion in social networks and the application of these models to viral marketing. To put this work in context, we begin with a review of the most common models that have been examined in the economics and sociology literature, including local interaction games, threshold models, and cascade models, in addition to a family of models based on Markov random fields. We then discuss a series of recent algorithmic and analytical results that have emerged from the computer science community. The first set of results addresses the problem of influence maximization, in which the goal is to determine the optimal group of individuals in a social network to target with an advertising campaign in order to cause a new product or technology to spread throughout the network. We then discuss an analysis of the properties of graphs that allow or prohibit the widespread propagation of trends.Publication Extensible Energy Planning Framework for Preemptive Tasks(2017-05-01) Kim, Jin Hyun; Gangadharan, Deepak; Sokolsky, Oleg; Lee, Insup; Legay, AxelCyber-physical systems (CSPs) are demanding energy-efficient design not only of hardware (HW), but also of software (SW). Dynamic Voltage and and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) and Dynamic Power Manage (DPM) are most popular techniques to improve the energy efficiency. However, contemporary complicated HW and SW designs requires more elaborate and sophisticated energy management and efficiency evaluation techniques. This paper is concerned about energy supply planning for real-time scheduling systems (units) of which tasks need to meet deadlines. This paper presents a modelbased compositional energy planning technique that computes a minimal ratio of processor frequency that preserves schedulability of independent and preemptive tasks. The minimal ratio of processor frequency can be used to plan the energy supply of real-time components. Our model-based technique is extensible by refining our model with additional features so that energy management techniques and their energy efficiency can be evaluated by model checking techniques. We exploit the compositional framework for hierarchical scheduling systems and provide a new resource model for the frequency computation. As results, our use-case for avionics software components shows that our new method outperforms the classical real-time calculus (RTC) method, requiring 36.21% less frequency ratio on average for scheduling units under RM than the RTC method.Publication Regular Specifications of Resource Requirements for Embedded Control Software(2008-04-01) Alur, Rajeev; Weiss, GeraFor embedded control systems, a schedule for the allocation of resources to a software component can be described by an infinite word whose ith symbol models the resources used at the ith sampling interval. Dependency of performance on schedules can be formally modeled by an automaton (w-regular language) which captures all the schedules that keep the system within performance requirements. We show how such an automaton is constructed for linear control designs and exponential stability or settling time performance requirements. Then, we explore the use of the automaton for online scheduling and for schedulability analysis. As a case study, we examine how this approach can be applied for the LQG control design. We demonstrate, by examples, that online schedulers can be used to guarantee performance in worst-case condition together with good performance in normal conditions. We also provide examples of schedulability analysis.