Genes and Pathways Associated with Skeletal Sagittal Malocclusions: A Systematic Review

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Departmental Papers (Dental)
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Bone
Functional matrix theory
GWAS
Malocclusion
Mandibular prognathism
Mandibular retrognathism
Skeletal class II
Skeletal class III
SNP
Genome-Wide Association Study
Humans
Malocclusion
Mandible
Muscle
Skeletal
NFATC Transcription Factors
Phospholipase C gamma
Polymorphism
Single Nucleotide
Receptor
Fibroblast Growth Factor
Type 2
Signal Transduction
fibroblast growth factor receptor 2
phospholipase C gamma
transcription factor NFAT
bone development
bone growth
cartilage
craniofacial development
functional enrichment analysis
gene identification
genetic profile
genome-wide association study
human
malocclusion
personalized medicine
Review
signaling pathway analysis
skeletal sagittal malocclusion
skeleton malformation
systematic review
treatment planning
genetics
genome-wide association study
growth
development and aging
malocclusion
mandible
metabolism
pathology
signal transduction
single nucleotide polymorphism
skeletal muscle
Dentistry
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Oral Biology and Oral Pathology
Orthodontics and Orthodontology
Other Dentistry
Periodontics and Periodontology
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Gershater, Elizabeth
Li, Chenshuang
Ha, Pin
Chung, Chun-Hsi
Tanna, Nipul
Zou, Min
Zheng, Zhong
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Abstract

Skeletal class II and III malocclusions are craniofacial disorders that negatively impact people’s quality of life worldwide. Unfortunately, the growth patterns of skeletal malocclusions and their clinical correction prognoses are difficult to predict largely due to lack of knowledge of their precise etiology. Inspired by the strong inheritance pattern of a specific type of skeletal malocclusion, previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were reanalyzed, resulting in the identification of 19 skeletal class II malocclusion-associated and 53 skeletal class III malocclusion-associated genes. Functional enrichment of these genes created a signal pathway atlas in which most of the genes were associated with bone and cartilage growth and development, as expected, while some were characterized by functions related to skeletal muscle maturation and construction. Interestingly, several genes and enriched pathways are involved in both skeletal class II and III malocclusions, indicating the key regulatory effects of these genes and pathways in craniofacial development. There is no doubt that further investigation is necessary to validate these recognized genes’ and pathways’ specific function(s) related to maxillary and mandibular development. In summary, this systematic review provides initial insight on developing novel gene-based treatment strategies for skeletal malocclusions and paves the path for precision medicine where dental care providers can make an accurate prediction of the craniofacial growth of an individual patient based on his/her genetic profile. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

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2021-12-01
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International Journal of Molecular Sciences
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